VASP and hepatocellular carcinoma: To study the function of PDPK1 and VASP in HCC migration and invasion, we downregulated PDPK1 and VASP expression in HCCLM3 cells, and we ectopically upregulated PDPK1 and VASP expression in Hep3B cells through lentivirus transduction (Supplementary Figure S6A).