Thus, in predicting the cardiovascular efficacy of a lipid-modifying therapeutic, apolipoprotein B can, all things being equal, be used as a reliable surrogate marker for the expected relative risk reduction in CHD—assuming, of course, that the drug under investigation does not display adverse events that arise either from target-mediated mechanisms or from off-target effects (notably, both can be investigated in human genetics studies [67]). Here, APOB is linked to coronary artery disorder.