Based on the above facts, we addressed the following questions: 1, whether the level of the stress caused by chronic hypernatremia may depend on the type of hypernatremia (i.e., eu- or hypervolemic, congenital or acquired); 2, whether the different types of chronic hypernatremia affect the responsiveness to acute restraint differentially; and 3, whether the expression of TH, PrRP and nesfatin in the cDMM and cVLM reflects the actual sensitivity of the HPA axis to acute restraint under chronic hypernatremic conditions. Here, NUCB2 is linked to Hypernatremia.