TNF and Sepsis: It was demonstrated that CD11c+ DCs harvested from the CLP model are impaired to expressed IL-12p40 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or CpG, implying that sepsis has the ability to change DCs’ response to a Toll-like Receptor (TLR) agonist [20,21].