CHEK2 and Familial prostate cancer: Germline mutations in the transcription factor HOXB13 and DNA damage repair genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, as well as the mismatch repair (MMR) genes MSH6 and PMS2, have been shown to increase the risk of prostate cancer, the most common cancer among men [8,9,10,11,12,13].