KRAS and chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Plausibly, SphK activity and S1P signaling have been associated with several infections, including acute dengue infection (Gomes et al., 2014), sepsis (Puneet et al., 2010), chronic hepatitis C infection (Ikeda et al., 2010), obesity (Kowalski et al., 2013), etc. In case of viral infection, it has been reported that a non-structural protein NS3 from the bovine viral diarrhea virus inhibits the catalytic activity of SphK-1 (Yamane et al., 2009).