When evaluating tissue specimens from prostate cancer patients prior to and after anti-CTLA-4 blockade, Gao et al. detected a higher proportion of tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T lymphocytes, and CD68+ macrophages expressing PD-L1 or V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), representing another inhibitory immune checkpoint receptor (36), after treatment (37). Here, VSIR is linked to prostate carcinoma.