TNF and myeloid sarcoma: In addition, in MS pathogenesis, macrophages could act directly, engulfing oligodendrocytes by antibody/complement-dependent opsonization of target cells, and pattern recognition receptors (such as scavenger receptors) (39), or indirectly, producing pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α) (40).