TGFB1 and neurodegenerative disease: In this regard, it is of note that the result of genome wide association study revealed that 2q22.3, corresponding to the genes of TGFβ/activin receptor, linked with risks of coronary heart disease, CHF, stroke, T2DM, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and mortality, suggesting that these serine/threonine receptor signaling pathways might be relevant to the antagonistic pleiotropy (57).