TNF and ischemic stroke: For example, Chen et al. found that apelin-13 could reduce the expressions of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines, including monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β), while the anti-apoptotic cytokine IL-10 was increased by apelin-13 in adult male C57/BL6 mice with ischemic stroke (79).