CCL4 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: CCL4 is upregulated in the islet autoantibody-positive T1DM patients and relatives at high risk of developing T1DM, and increased expression of CCL4 aggravates β-cell death and early islet graft loss by stimulating the trafficking of macrophages into injured pancreatic islets (Hanifi-Moghaddam et al., 2006).