In our study cohort, elevated concentrations of NfL and NT1 measured tau in older individuals with DS are consistent with the following: (i) recent cross-sectional studies that found increased plasma NfL and tau in prodromal and AD dementia in people with DS [32, 47], and (ii) an increasing prevalence of AD in older individuals with DS [4, 5]. The gene discussed is NEFL; the disease is Alzheimer disease.