The use of this alternate initiation pathway has been as a result of stress associated with viral infection that is diminishing the “normal” pathway by several mechanisms that commonly lead to inactivation of eIF4E and/or eIF4G or both, as well as the reduction in activity of TC (as a result of targeted phosphorylation of eIF2) [3,48,50,51,55,58]. Here, EIF2S1 is linked to viral infectious disease.