VDR and major depressive disorder: In addition, findings by Kuningas et al. (2009) [32] and Lye et al. [33] that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and zinc transporter-3 (SLC30A3) genes were respectively associated with MDD, and together with evidence that SNPs of dopamine transporter-1 gene increased risk of MDD[34, 35], led to renewed interest in determining if an association exists between VDR, ZnT3 SNPs and recurrence of MDD.