ENTPD1 and benign prostatic hyperplasia: To test the function of Tregs among different groups, we evaluated Foxp3 and CD39 expression and serum cytokines, and observed that BPH patients with or without inflammation showed lower levels of Foxp3 expression compared to healthy controls (P < .01, Figure 2A); and the percentage of CD39+ Tregs was also lower in BPH patients (P < .01, Figure 2A).