ACE and diabetes mellitus: Compared to the non-AF CTR group, AF patients were older, presented with higher incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), lower total cholesterol serum levels, and higher incidence of medications, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), amiodarone, statins, and dimethyl biguanide (DMBG).