CD8A and neoplasm: In a clinical study, post-operative vaccination with ATV-NDV of primary glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients caused: (i) increase of skin anti-tumor delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity, (ii) an increase in the numbers of cancer-reactive memory T cells in the peripheral blood, and (iii) an increase of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in recurrent brain tumor tissue [85].