IRF9 and lupus nephritis: Accordingly, there have been characterized several deregulated miRNAs in the immune cells of this patients as regulators of this pathway, including: miR-302d (downregulated in monocytes and involved in overactivation of the IFN pathway and the enhanced expression of the interferon regulatory factor-9 (IRF-9); miR-130b (downregulated in renal cells from lupus nephritis patients and acting as negative regulator of the type I IFN-pathway) [113]; miR-451 (whose silencing prime proteinuria and immune complex deposition in kidneys in vivo [114]).