This may be caused by cargo-independent impairments in the cytoskeleton or motor proteins (e.g., the cytoskeletal regulator HDAC6 is a known target of TDP-43; Fiesel et al., 2010), or by aberrant binding of mutant ALS proteins to motor complexes (Tateno et al., 2009, Zhang et al., 2007); however, this will have to be directly confirmed in the TDP-43M337V model. This evidence concerns the gene IMMT and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.