Specifically, glucosylceramides (GlcCers), lactosylceramides (LacCers), and neuraminidase (NEU) activity are elevated in the kidneys and urine of MRL/lpr and NZM2410 lupus mice with nephritis and in urine of lupus patients with nephritis compared to their non-nephritic counterparts and healthy controls [13, 14]. Here, NEU1 is linked to nephritis.