However, our case-finding approach permits the study of AS in large cohorts without echocardiographic data, has previously led to the discovery and robust replication of the LPA locus (including in many of the cohorts in the present study2,4,5,9,10), and has a positive predictive value exceeding 90%.2 We also observed no heterogeneity in our meta-analysis of rs174547, suggesting the various definitions for AS are concordant. The gene discussed is LPA; the disease is aortic valve stenosis.