CXCL12 and diabetes mellitus: Some earlier studies report that AMPKα1 impedes anoxia-induced apoptosis [103, 104] and protects against diabetes mellitus-induced vascular injury by improving EPCs function and promoting reendothelialization through upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1) [105, 106], and dominant negative AMPK mutants inhibit both ECs migration and differentiation in vitro under hypoxia and in vivo angiogenesis [103].