HMGB1 and cholestasis: BDL rats exhibit increased liver NF-κB/AP-1 activity, inflammatory cell infiltration/accumulation and cytokine formation, while RosA improved these symptoms of hepatitis. Dietary RosA supplementation was possibly beneficial in the matter of ameliorating cholestasis-related liver injury by mechanisms including the resolution of oxidative burden and down-regulation of HMGB1/TLR4, NF-κB, AP-1, and TGF-β1/Smad pathway.