AKT1 and breast carcinoma: Additionally, NDGA inhibits tumor-relevant receptor tyrosine kinases and downstream signaling related to the IGF-1 receptor and the downstream protein serine/threonine kinase AKT, along with the c-ErbB2/HER2/Neu receptor in breast cancer cells and in tumor-bearing mice (Youngren et al., 2005; Li et al., 2009; Lu et al., 2010).