In addition, studies have demonstrated that Vitamin D could activate the Nrf2-Keap1 antioxidant pathway and improve renal disease in diabetic rats (Nakai et al., 2014); it can also activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway via vitamin D receptor to ameliorate leptin-induced oxidative stress (Teixeira et al., 2017). Here, VDR is linked to kidney disorder.