LTF and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: Moreover, pepsin-digested-Lf peptides exerted pro-apoptotic effect in a human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line by promoting the cleavage of caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) as well as by inducing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK [165].