VCAM1 and infection: In particular, it has been demonstrated that intraperitoneally (i.p.)CBD (5 mg/kg; once daily from days 1 to 7 post-infection), may exert protective effects by reducing the crossing of leukocytes from the systemic circulation by down-regulating the expression of the chemokines called C–C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and C–C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), of interleukin-1 β, of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and by the attenuation of microglia activation [49].