In this regard, INO80 complex subunit D (INO80D), MAP6 domain containing 1 (MAP6D1) and Ras-related GTP binding D (RRAGD) constituted the most promising mRNA biomarkers in urine EVs isolated from patients with CCA, in comparison with healthy individuals, displaying AUC values of 1.000. Here, INO80D is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.