TNF and ischemic stroke: In ischemic stroke model mice, we demonstrated that pretreatment of TwX (20 mg/kg/d for 14 days) reduced infarct size as well as the expression of both oxidative stress markers such as 8-OHdG, 4-HNE and Nε-(carboxymethyl) lysine (an advanced glycation end product) and inflammatory markers such as Iba-1, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and monocyte chemotactic protein [108,109].