Furthermore, GM3 was shown to be expressed more in normal cartilage than in osteoarthritis cartilage; specifically, ganglioside GM3 knock-out mice enhanced cartilage degradation in vivo, and led to the induction of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-13) and ADAMTS-5 secretion and chondrocyte apoptosis in vitro; however, GM3 synthase transfection into GM3 knock-out chondrocyte suppressed MMP-13 and ADAMTS-5 expression after interleukin (IL)-1α stimulation [48,49]. The gene discussed is MMP13; the disease is osteoarthritis.