Although it is unlikely that targeting JNK alone would prove to be an effective treatment of human T2D, which is a more complex disease than T2D in animals, there is substantial preclinical evidence that suggests JNK is a promising therapeutic target in the context of obesity and T2D (perhaps for combination treatment against multiple inflammatory targets, and perhaps for the prevention of T2D in insulin resistant states). Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.