MAPK8 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Although it is unlikely that targeting JNK alone would prove to be an effective treatment of human T2D, which is a more complex disease than T2D in animals, there is substantial preclinical evidence that suggests JNK is a promising therapeutic target in the context of obesity and T2D (perhaps for combination treatment against multiple inflammatory targets, and perhaps for the prevention of T2D in insulin resistant states).