CASR and cholestasis: Firstly, we determined the positive changes of CaSR expression and apoptosis in four primary hepatocyte models as follows: upregulated hepatocyte CaSR expression; TCDC-induced hepatocyte apoptosis in cholestasis; upregulated hepatocyte CaSR expression in TCDC-induced hepatocyte apoptosis in cholestasis and downregulated hepatocyte CaSR expression in TCDC-induced hepatocyte apoptosis in cholestasis.