PIK3CD and Intellectual disability: Given that altered dendritic complexity and synaptic spine number are common neuropathy for a number of severe neurodevelopmental disorders including schizophrenia, autism and intellectual disability (Raymond et al., 1996; Glantz and Lewis, 2000; Kaufmann and Moser, 2000; Mukaetova-Ladinska et al., 2004; Hutsler and Zhang, 2010; Penzes et al., 2011; Kulkarni and Firestein, 2012; Levenga and Willemsen, 2012; Konopaske et al., 2014; Bakhshi and Chance, 2015), these findings demonstrate that gain-of-function of p110δ may represent a contributing common biological factor driving such alterations.