TNF and Sepsis: LPS‐induced immunoparalysis of key pro‐inflammatory cytokines (eg IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐12, TNF‐α) released from monocytes has also been previously reported in patient plasma and supernatants collected from in vitro culture models investigating healthy donors,45 cardiac surgery patients41 and sepsis patients.7, 30, 46, 47 However, immunoparalysis of DC cytokine production is not well characterized and the underlying mechanisms which drive immunoparalysis remain unknown, warranting further investigation.