It has been reported that TGF-β2 suppresses macrophage cytokine expression and mucosal inflammatory responses in the developing human intestine, and shown using murine models that enterally administered TGF-β2 can protect against NEC34, supporting our observation that combination treatment of IGF-I and TGF-β2 promotes NEC recovery. This evidence concerns the gene IGF1 and necrotizing enterocolitis.