TNF and colitis: Proanthocyanidins from grape seeds also reduced the expression levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), phosphorylated Inhibitor Kappa B Kinase (p-IKKα/β), and phosphorylated Inhibitor Kappa B-alpha (p-IκBα) as well as inhibited the translocation of NF-κB in the colonic mucosa, and thus exerted a protective effect on a rat recurrent-colitis model by modifying the inflammatory response and promoting damaged tissue repair to improve colonic oxidative stress [31].