[29] Furthermore, the study reported that metabolic anomalies, such as increased circulating leptin, glucose, insulin, and lipids, were said to mostly likely increase the risk of preeclampsia in women with obesity and that these factors potentiate the antiangiogenic and proinflammatory mechanisms of placental ischemia-induced vascular dysfunction to increase the incidence of preeclampsia. Here, LEP is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.