The insulin dosage before pregnancy by birthweight ratio in the T1DM+HDP group was higher than in the T2DM group (p = 0.0009 against those in the T2DM+HDP group; p = 0.0031 against those in the T2DM alone group, and p = 0.0194 against those in the T2DM+CH group; see Fig 3A). Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.