Activation of these enzymes and increases in intracellular cAMP have critical roles in alkalinization of intracellular pH by reactivating NHEs.[27] Additionally, it has been shown that PKA activation and increased cAMP mediate TH effects such as increased growth hormone receptor signaling in cancer cells.[28,29] T3 may increase sensitivity to growth hormones by inducing PKA activation and cAMP increases in hepatocytes, thereby indirectly contributing to the development and progression of HCC. Here, TH is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.