TGFB1 and chronic kidney disease: <h4>Background</h4>Anti-inflammatory cytokine polymorphisms in the transforming growth factor-β1 (<i>TGF-β1</i>), interleukin-4 (<i>IL-4</i>), and <i>IL-10</i> genes have been implicated as risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the results from published studies are inconsistent.