The P2Y1 receptors of astrocytes that are stimulated by adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), which is released by injured cells in post-ischemic stroke, promote the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines through the phosphorylated-p65 subunit (RelA)-mediated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway (107). Here, RELA is linked to ischemic stroke.