TNF and Alzheimer disease: Then, these activated microglia release chemokines, cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, MIP-1α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which will further aggravate neuronal damage and AD pathologies (2, 10–12).