NFKB1 and cancer: These include nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Sonic Hedgehog, STAT3, PI3K/Akt, Smad/TGF-β and apoptosis pathways, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), increased angiogenesis, the presence of cancer stem cells, stroma cells and highly resistant cells, and hypoxic microenvironment inside the tumor (Long et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011; Karandish and Mallik, 2016).