We generated an engineered oncolytic VV coexpressing a murine soluble PD-1 extracellular domain fused with IgG1 Fc as a PD-L1 inhibitor (i.e., iPDL1) and murine GM-CSF (VV-iPDL1/GM), in the backbone of a tumor-selective double-deleted oncolytic VV, in which thymidine kinase (TK) and vaccinia growth factor viral genes had been deleted25–29 (Fig. 1a). The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is neoplasm.