PTPRC and neoplasm: Consistent with the observations in recent studies23,24, intratumoral injections with oncolytic viruses (VV-RFP) also significantly upregulated PD-L1 expression on both VV-RFP-infected (RFP+) and uninfected (RFP−) CD45− non-leukocyte cells, including tumor and stromal cells, compared to PD-L1 expression on PBS-treated tumors (Fig. 2c).