TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: Overall, we found that the upregulated mRNAs were mainly involved in the following pathways: (1) viral carcinogenesis, (2) tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, (3) transcriptional misregulation in cancer, (4) chemokine signaling pathway; and (5) systemic lupus erythematosus (Figure 6B).