Cerium oxide NPs increased ROS production in pancreatic cancer cells, resulting in the activation of thioredoxin 1 (TRX1)-apoptosis signaling kinase 1 (ASK1)-c-Jun terminal kinase (JNK) (TRX1-ASK1-JNK) redox-sensing pathway and apoptosis [48]. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK8 and familial pancreatic carcinoma.