Elevated serum levels of TGF-β commonly observed in patients with advanced colorectal cancer2, breast cancer3,4, bladder carcinoma5,6, prostate cancer7,8, malignant melanoma9, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma10, and hepatocellular carcinoma11 have been strongly associated with tumour progression and poor clinical outcome. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.