APEX1 and viral myocarditis: Jin et al. reported that serum APE1/Ref-1 was elevated in experimental murine myocarditis; compared to N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and troponin I, serum APE1/Ref-1 was more closely related to myocardial inflammation, reflecting the severity of myocardial injury in viral myocarditis without endomyocardial biopsy [55].