ANGPTL4 and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: In addition, the expression of vasodilating factors and fluid homeostatic factors such as angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) and bactericidal/permeability-increasing fold-containing family member A1 (BPIFA1) are also associated with viral infections and pneumonia development, which may worsen inflammation in the lower airway (Li et al., 2015; Akram et al., 2018).