CSF1 and neoplasm: Researchers enhance macrophage cytotoxicity through specificity to stimulate activation, such as by adding M-CSF and muramyl dipeptide (MDP) when macrophages are cultured in vitro to enhance macrophage cytotoxicity; by using the adoptive transfer treatment to achieve anti-tumor effects; or by using intravenous liposomes that load immune modulators to enhance the toxicity of macrophages.