ADIPOQ and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The mechanisms behind these associations include increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, vasoactive factors, and vascular growth factors (476–478); increased release of lipotoxic FFA (479, 480); increased macrophage content (481); increased oxidative stress (482); and decreased secretion of adiponectin (483), which are triggered by obesity.