INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Mechanisms by which pre- and pro-biotic-mediated changes in the gut microbiota may improve adipose function are still emerging, but may include the promotion of an anti-inflammatory milieu (including reducing intestinal permeability to decrease circulating endotoxins), enhancing fat oxidation, recruitment of beige adipocytes, increased energy expenditure, and improved lipoprotein profile, which collectively could improve insulin sensitivity and reduce ectopic fat to combat T2DM and CVD (733–739).